Dwyer 4-24-14 More On Floyd Mayweather Jr. & Sugar Ray Robinson

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I S two wire.

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Gamblers advisory that damn wire boxing news.

That guy look us up in the sports section on roku where their.

Wire boxing in sports lives remember the opinion you should buy low should be your %uh just consider this video to be a second opinion.

From a complete stranger online I made a video yesterday I am where I thought about the best fighters in the sport down for a pair and in the comment section to that video many people talked about Ray Robinson against Floyd Mayweather.

At the video was intended to be the star I may have mentioned Ray Robinson.

In the video but I could tell that hi tapped a nerve that we should explore a little bit right.

Floyd Mayweather against Ray Robinson well let me I'm let me say that what I've done here.

Because I want people to look at the.

Fights themselves is on my channel page here are you too I've posted three fights at length the pre fights in the favorites 'em on that page the first is Nate Robinson against rocky Graziano fight at middleweight understand robertson's.

32 years old in that fight right Floyd Mayweather now is 37 years old to understand that Ray Robinson here's closer to his prime I would argue that Mayweather is that here's right now have also posted to fight that history theme Stafford got.

But that but some hardcore need to focus on.

Its ray robinson against Randy Turpin.

Understand Turpin.

Took robinson's title have posted.

Both the first by and second fight.

I believe that the second fight is that particular.

Importance because the first by they claim Robinson.

Didn't train threat right Robinson supposedly was that on golf courses.

And in card rooms instead of preparing for FY.

Against 23-year-old.

40 winners two losses where the Terrapin in a fight by the way that.

Was so anticipated in Europe eighteen thousand people showed up for the fight now there is no question.

That turbine beats.

Up ray Robinson in the first but now the second fight which takes place in the Polo Grounds just a little bit more than 60 days later I believe sixty four days later.

Is a fight that Ray Robinson supposedly trade for.

Right understand in that second which deserves your full attention the referee Rudy goals day at that by or rounds 24 rounds after 8 let me go one step further I want you to do is to look at the knockout in that by rate does.

Catch Randy terapia no question about it.

But if it gets off the campus time's running out in a row the fight still hangs in the balance.

This is an era of not 12 rounds but.

If team wraps the fight is compared to their up on till the not there.

This is Aaron the rematch when I want people to do is to look at what happens.

After turbine gets of that campus.

Should that by have been stopped the tape five post that has some commentary by rocky marciano right Ray Robinson.

Is one of history's most love buyers.

Mr Seattle's opinion the fight clearly should have been stopped in Richard two wires opinion in my opinion.

I'm not so sure the finest not with only a sectors.

Left and the rap.

While Terrapin clearly has Bell Rock.

He seems to be doing just and now.

On the ropes right leaning back moving his head to avoid being caught clean Ray Robinson knows that knocking them down is going to be a problem.

So robin said Wiley has among the rocks.

Truly starts throwing shots to the body.

I believe ray robinson himself understood.

That there was a chance the Terrapin was going to survive the rap now understand life turns on moments like that they stopped the fight turbine loses his style back.

To robin said Turpin is never the say tere bin seems that at emotional problems.

But perhaps that explains why he's so fearless in the rain against Ray Robinson well turbine.

Three years later would eventually get not that in the first rap.

A fight in Rome turbans life would unravel.

Further AirPrint ultimately in his late 30's would commit suicide.

And we're also apparently as part of his suicide shoot his daughter.

Right now the daughter may have left that looked it up online I'm not sure.

Just understand that had they allow that by.

To continue in my opinion it's on clear what would have happened the rest up by and thus there that Ray Robinson lost.

A second time tour anti-terror printer print would have gone back to the United Kingdom with the middleweight title it's because Roberts and beats turbine that.

That's viewed as one of the highlights %uh robinson's career let's talk about Robinson versus Floyd Mayweather Robinson different fighter than Floyd.

One since 5 11 Floyd is five a arrive in San the welterweight division was really just a starting point.

Robinson would actually go on and pick up the middleweight title.

He would even fight for the light heavyweight title understand for Floyd the welterweight division is really a division he doesn't even enter until in my opinion he's past his prime.

We talk about Manny PAC yeah how winning titles and several weight classes.

I would encourage you to look at Floyd Mayweather's.

Rafter understand Floyd is a late.

Arriver to welterweight right Sugar Ray Robinson was then early Welsh away who then.

Moves on to middle way robertson's best division by record is the welterweight division.

Understand ray robinson's only loss.

In this is with a hundred or so when's it welter.

His only loss was to Jake La Motta.

In 1943 February 5th.

And understand that by this curious because while Robinson way to 144 and a half baths.

Jake La Motta way believe it or not.

Whether 160 that the way to 160 and a half baths.

Understand back then you then have these.

Intermediate weight classes there's no junior welter 140 no super welterweight 154 ride or junior middle that how you wanna call it.

Right to you had that it's like Ray Robinson allow two-way fighting middleweights he eventually loses not by KO but by decision to Jake La Motta now they're not a lot of bills Robinson as a welter suffice it to say.

The film's you're seeing films I've posted.

%uh Robinson as a middleweight in my opinion.

Are Robinson past his prime right just like I would argue that Ali's.

Pry isn't in the nineteen seventies.

It in the nineteen sixty sits against Cleveland Williams it's against North Bali.

Right it's against Sonny Liston thats ollie is prime it's not the Fraser Norton for men spinks era right I would argue that ray robinson's prime is not midway.

Where he lost to people like jean bowler.

Ready turbine right it's when he's.

A welter way where he didn't lose step.

Amy of their welter weights right to die he loses to when he's at welter.

Is Jake La Motta right now let me point at.

You think that I would encourage you to start with the rocky Graziano Phil right what you're gonna see in that film is that Robinson is much more offensive.

Then Floyd Mayweather he's doing things like jumping all and throwing.

Double left books he's they re aggressive.

Right he's doing things like having his head near.

Graziano's chest and understand Graziano's a rocky marciano type firefighting and have a crash you have robin said leaning his head and it went well as the an outgrowth looks.

Robinson is so high risk that he's ducking under the hooks.

Right that's crazy stuff that you wanna see.

Floyd Mayweather do but here's what I want to point out to you about that by.

In the 3rd Graf they gloss over it.

Ray Robinson it's not there is me it's the campus at Robinsons more.

Offense at the Floyd he's not as the offensive s4.

Right its rough-and-tumble he's in there.

Throwing budget season they're being aggressive.

He gets here by the way these are the old HS.

Is the hit the canvas everyone knows that the not down no standing at he gets back up right they continue fighting right even decades after tiny Dempsey you that some jurisdictions where there is no standing a cat so lots of course that's off the canvas in that their crap.

And proceeds the clothes the show.

With the kind of plants that you rarely say.

Floyd Mayweather throw right the powers.

Obvious he not out Graziano's mouthpiece and Graziano with the right man right Graziano gets up.

Is so out of it you actually see him in the corner.

Trying to fake the knockout out of his elec.

Right his legs our days understand robin said as pretty as he looked at the Red as much.

Up a boxer as he was in the ring was a devastatingly hard puncher right let me also point out that worried if I.

Floyd Mayweather there's a charisma get.

As I've said in other videos Floyd is respected.

He's not luck right eye view Manny PAC allies more charismatic.

Than Floyd Mayweather right understand their other boxers in history.

Who were more love than Floyd I would say both should erase Ray Leonard.

And Ray Robinson were much more love.

Than Floyd Mayweather right to the extent that the adoration I'll the crap leads the judges to give close rounds to the love buyer.

Mayweather would have problems let's talk about other things that matter.

There is no question in my mind that if the action gets to the side up the red.

Right and Floyd Mayweather as his back up against the Red if that both guys at different times have their backs up against the rail.

Is no question in my mind that Mayweather is a much.

Better defensive fighter the Sugar Ray Robinson I mean a much.

Better defensive fighter than sugar ray robinson.

Right understand.

Robertson gets beat up by terabit.

Who really NSS as coming here and it's just trying to impose himself on Robertson right those kinda fighters don't have success.

Against Floyd Mayweather they just don't.

Let me point out here that Mayweather people %uh seem to realize this.

Mayweather might looks like in the rain.

He's a very strong man you don't see him getting manhandled.

Like Ray Robinson Robinson might have the heavier.

Punch in part because robert is all there on budgets right he's a.

Are offensive job and %uh he's higher.

While you're than Floyd right he just simply heiress but when Robinson's not devastating you with purchase physically stronger med carmine Basilio.

Gene Fullmer Randy Turpin now granite these guys are middleweights.

I'll agree right they're not welterweights.

But it's clear that ray Robinson physically.

Isn't made for wrestling right he's not.

A grappler already Terrapins trying to do.

In both fights is to die drop in SES.

Yeah and then get inside and try to muscle here you'll notice Terrapins.

Back his muscle bear.

He's physically the stronger guy then Ray Robinson robinson's the Sharpshooter.

Robinson can't Ando.

Guys getting inside at this bunches.

And naturally wrestling with him inside.

Jake La Motta another guy lot bigger than him.

Floyd Mayweather by contrast will fight it go to will fight a Ricky Hatton.

Will fight a pic torque peaks all these guys.

Against Floyd will try to lower the shoulder on him.

Get inside and wrestle with here I and by everyone.

To read Ricky Hatton's both by comments about fighting inside with Floyd Mayweather and gave several interviews after his loss to Mayweather keep in mind and gets not out rather talks about how he gets and then he found out that Floyd new had a fight inside right Floyd can actually reso with you let me point out to do Randy Turpin it's shorter than 5 11 Ray Robinson.

I believe the Raging Bull Jake La Motta the shorter.

Then Ray Robinson right Robinson had.

A problem with shorter fighters who could get inside and wrestle where yeah right so it's interesting because.

This is a fight where in my opinion.

Right Robinson would look prettier.

Than Floyd Mayweather robinson's a guy with the.

Lifestyle that just look pretty Robinson is more charismatic the way robinson's here was you know that process here where a few rounds into the by it starts to fly around.

And it looks like Robinson is you know.

Working hard and stuff like that I think that's more appealing to the crap.

But in terms of up their active less that big gap.

Defensively right robin said at least according to the tapes I have looked at and I'm live you can't find the facility okay you can't buy the polar takes a 90.

Robinson knocked out former in 15.

But they're other flights Robertson had with former what you're gonna find is there's a way.

To fly ray robin said it's on both Randy Terrapin shelves.

Right right now.

We really don't have.

A film that convincingly show us the way to by Floyd Mayweather we just dough.

Right you know we just doubt I know there's a controversial fight because the 05.

The first five not the set the first spot understand that first fight could happen today we know that by looking at the Ricky Hatton fair.

Maybe Floyd in by inside as well as the dead by the time he gets to Ricky Hatton.

But I understand it's clear that this deals tactics.

In that first by then work in the second by.

Wouldn't work today right and first but I'll say this: that first by isn't a blueprint like the first turbine but which isn't close right Ray Robinson loses their.

By by a margin in fact I'll go further.

Jake La Motta Ray Robinson mod it does very well late in that but now I know Ray Robinson comes back in owns la moda in subsequent bytes no question about it but I understand ray is never comfortable.

With his back up against the ropes.

Like Floyd right so.

I'll say this: you know when we all get to happen.

They're gonna be certified's we want to see.

Prime Floyd Mayweather and I would say prime means Floyd a few years.

Ago right when he still had is Lex I would say Floyd against Arturo Gatti.

Is prime Floyd Mayweather I would encourage people to look at that by right compare and contrast that but the daddys fight against Micky Ward right Brian Floyd Mayweather against Prime Sugar Ray Robinson you get equalize the weights have it at a hundred.

M47 paths.

I think the big question would be whether they.

Robinson could land things like FF books on Floyd Mayweather whether Mayweather's defense is such that.

Robinson would find that he couldn't land the punches right inside that give the edge to Mayweather.

Up on the ropes i'd give the edge.

To Mayweather no I look great many other real boxing hard-core here online.

One at that Robinson for 15 ran five hits.

We don't know what Floyd would do against the fighter that caliber Ray Robinson.

In round 13 14 and 15 understand to Floyd's.

Former longtime trainer right his uncle Roger Mayweather firmly believe that the best fighter in history israeli robin said.

Right all I'm saying is let's not discount what.

Fighters are doing the day my eyes tell me that Floyd Mayweather is better defensively than ray robinson.

My eyes tell me.

That if someone gets inside Andre Robinson inside his arms he would find that raise upper body is not that tough and that he could wrestle a bit with Ray Robinson right Floyd has done that him bytes right my eyes also tell me that Ray Robinson bit get back then some fights.

Right the press can gloss over it all they want I know Rocky Marciano had a bunch ride more Seattle strikes me is not marciano Graziano Laado strikes me as a bit of a limited biter it's a bit astonishing that he.

Was able to land some quality dots on ray robinson when Ray Robinson.

Was thirty to years.

All also I have a hard time believing some other folklore Randy Turpin didn't come out of nowhere to be.

Ray robinson we know his record it was forty and.

To the two losses he had at the time he avenged their the fight so high 18,000 people show up.

I suppose to believe the folklore the ray robinson was completely unprepared for him also understand the technology argument breaks both waves back in the day if I'm fighting lady Robinson on let's say three weeks notice right isn't that you know.

The fighters fought so often even the distance between Robinson versus Turpin one Robertson versus step into the only 64 days.

Right for their baths right back a lot of the guys who fought ray were unable the what Mr film and break down the.

There on the way we are today so how much upgrade robinson's dominance.

Was a product of the lack I'll familiarity the lack of resources at the time I guarantee you that right now mark this may die with his team the great Robert Garcia his trainer.

I guarantee.

That those guys are looking at films.

Up Mayweather almost rain by rain.

Right they're going back to Mayweather's history you hear on you too can research more bill a book buyers history then guys could in the forties and.

If these when Ray Robinson ruled the roast.

Right so i'm saying is level of preparation.

Today is much greater than it was.

In ray robinson's time that guy who have power.

Hence be who could lead with a jab at Penn had movement light grey roberton excellent fighter back there.

Would be harder to prepare for on let's say four weeks rest then such a fighter today work guys would be.

Breaking down what he does on they'll where the fights if easily by dog bites are televised and you actually have film above all other flights not Jess.

Film summaries right to put me among those who believes it's unclear who wears.

Ray robinson against Floyd I'll agree.

Raise the taller guy I agree raise the brady or fire I think Mayweather's better inside I think Mayweather's better along the ropes I think Mayweather's better defensively let me also point at two and it's my belief that Stiles make bytes.

Right I don't believe that his startling.

These guys beat everyone else right the manuals do it himself ollie.

That if anyone had the style the baby Floyd Mayweather it was his former fighter who like Ray Robinson started at welter and moved on all the way up the light headed Mets Thomas the hit man her arms right all I can say is look at they hit man's.

Destruction that's the word up Roberto Duran be great but it with great inside skips and ask yourself what exactly what Floyd Mayweather do against.

Thomas the hit man her us right I would argue too that ray letter.

Because %uh this both men with if Floyd a barry.

Part-time I'll agree.

But I would take Ray Robinson over Ray Leonard.

But I understand Ray Leonard didn't have anything remotely approaching.

Floyd Mayweather's level up defense right at the end of the day I think styles make fights but I'll say between these two men.

Ray Robinson and Floyd I think that's a close call I'm not one of those people who believes that these legendary fighters necessarily be today's fighters right there are times when.

We should all recognize that some buyers.

Operating today.

Are legendary fighters right who should be placed on the same pedestal.

As all-time greats let me hear from you.

Leave your comments for me here online the Graziano.

By the first turbine by and the second turbine by are all on my channel page understand too cabin.

In my opinion may have suffered from bipolar disorder right the first by he comes out is added to this that's that he clearly is on intimidated fighting the great Ray Robinson right him he's.

Doing some interesting things in the rain himself shown a certain fearlessness right in the rain itself.

Right as you look at the by I encourage you to Google Randy Turpin he was there hell a fighter.

Right I believe mental illness contributed to.

What ultimately happened to yeah let me hear from you.

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Dr Matthew Bailey: Living in a salt-saturated society

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So good evening everyone welcome to this evenings seminar in the our changing world series i'm david webb i'm professor of clinical pharmacology in the university but more important to today's talk i run the hypertension service in Lothian so I'm going to to provide a short clinical perspective to the taught that follows from that Bailey and then i'll introduce Matt and then he can get into his his son so why should we worry about high blood pressure now you're fairly young audience but if you look at a full adult population about one in three will have hypertension and hypertension is globally the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and four and the death worldwide so I think you can see here it's right on top of the screen it's above smoking it's above excess alcohol it's about malnutrition.

It's about above infectious diseases it is the most important global problem worldwide and it just as much effects underdeveloped countries as the high-income countries so it's just not a Western problem and with the obesity epidemic and the growth of diabetes the combination is devastating this is a really significant problem for human health the problems that it causes include strokes premature dementia loss of vision heart attacks and heart failure kidney disease and heart patients with heart failure 75% them i like to have hypertension patients with stroke it's about seventy-six percent patients with heart attacks about sixty to seventy percent so you're very like much more likely to have these problems if you're hypertensive now the graph on the on the right just shows that your risk of a stroke this is about strokes same draft for high blood pressure over our class but as the age goes up your risk goes up and you'll see this is a logarithmic representation so there's a very steep increase in your risk of stroke or heart attack for increasing blood pressure.

We also know that very small changes in blood pressure can have a big difference in risk so you can see here that even a two millimeter of mercury lower which is in very small amount lower systolic blood pressure would reduce stroke mortality by seven percent and mortality from heart disease by around ten cents this is a really big difference these small differences and sort of things you can very easily change in populations so that these small changes big impacts this is a an infographic from the international society of hypertension and it makes a number of points first of all that there are around I don't where you can read it over this point is working but around nine million deaths each year from hypertension it's a massive problem and there are really simple things people can do to reduce their risk like stopping smoking eating more healthily eating more fruit and veg which contain potassium knots not sodium or salt and eating more healthily reducing weight taking exercise these are all things that people can do themselves and the other thing is that hypertension is a symptom this problem and the first time you might know about is if you have a heart attack or stroke so it's really important that you as they say here know your numbers it's easy to measure blood pressure and most people haven't had it done it's really important to have your blood pressure checked.

Even in early adulthood and they're really simple really cheap devices you can buy this particular one from on this Lots others like it.

August sell them for something like 15 pounds so it's not expensive to know what your blood pressure is and when i started as a clinician we have used to think all the rule of Harv's in hypertension the only half the people with hypertension were known about and only half of those were our any treatment and only half of those were treated to the right target to protect them from the problems of high blood pressure so if you do those sons that's twelve and a half percent get treated with full effect and this is a study that's just published this week online in the lancet that shows that nothing's changed.

Thirteen percent of those people with hypertension properly treated to target so it's a massive problem that remains unresolved.

We work in Scotland Scotland is a great place to work for heart disease and as you see here the Scottish heart survey this looked at five major risk factors so smoking excess alcohol intake for diet obesity and physical inactivity and it's a study in a 65,000 people 97.5 percent had a risk factor most what's really sad i think about this figure is that there are more people with five risk factors than with none and more people with for risk factors that sort of them were done more for them with one so we have a really unhealthy population there's a lot to be done in Scotland and as a final slide now this shows you the nation's top sellers from last year and you can see it's processed salty food hard spirits and carbohydrates and fats not not the best top sellers defined on that list so I'd like to move on with that context to our speaker tonight and that Bailey he tells me he grew up in rural lincolnshire in the village we just five farms and had high hopes of his career as a footballer he tried out for Scunthorpe United failed and is now pursuing a second career as a medical scientists began to BSC and physiology at university of manchester 1993 a PhD in renal physiology Charing Cross and westminster which is now Imperial College medical school in 1997 and he undertook postdoctoral research at the center from mythology in a note for at the central morphology at university college london and then moved onto the net.

The center for scientific research in paris between 97-2004 that you spent three years at Yale Medical School on a wellcome trust international fellowship and then moved to the University of Edinburgh to the center of cardiovasc for cardiovascular science to work with Professor John Mullin services here tonight to work on the Wellcome Trust cardiovascular research initiative intermediate fellowship scheme in 2003 and in 2008 he became member of the faculty of the university in 2010 senior lecturer and in 2014.

Reader I do a lot of work Mac he's a really good researcher and he's fun to work with.

He said been given prizes for his work from the physiological society and is a member of the kidney research UK grants committees so I'm going to hurt hand over to Matt to tell you a little bit about living in a salt saturated world do your jeans it.

Ok good evening everyone and so for the next 40 minutes or so i'm going to talk about our relationship with mineral sodium chloride salt and how that has shaped our societies and shaped our health and now this is not actually a true story.

Some people say it's that this is not a new story.

Some people say that it's a story that has shaped mankind and made us what we are.

That is ingrained within our genetic code and it's the thread that ties together our societies both ancient societies as well see our modern societies now if we go back to ancient times it really was a story of life and death.

It was the success that allowed us to leave the sea and make a good life on land and it was the economies that drove the ancient Egyptians ancient Roman ancient Greek societies now today it's still the matter of life and death but as David pointed out in his kind introduction.

The game has changed completely and instead of it being a scarce and much prized resource we're now living in the society that saturated in our bodies are not able to cope this so let's go back really to where I started with this which was a number of years ago when it came to edinboro reading this book called The Hunger for assault by Derek Denton and he said in his introduction that salt was the quintessence of life which i thought was actually very beautiful phase phrase it's not just the essence of life is the distilled essence of life the stuff of life itself and we can see this all through literature so for example you can see in Matthew ye are the salt of the earth describing a fundamental property of a human being being the very stuff that the earth is made from we can see also in the Bible the concept of the Covenant of salt the fact that you might make a binding and lasting agreement based on sharing something precious in this case sodium chloride or salt and this isn't just in judeo-christian theology this is seen all over the world for example in the Eastern religions you can see that an oath by salt is an important indeed and is considered to be life binding we know for example phrases that are in our everyday language like to be worth your salt means that actually you are worth something you worked you're doing a good job and this comes back from writings that plenty the elder made in ancient Rome talking about the practice of paying Legionnaires in cakes of salt something that really persists today in the concept of the salary a regular payment of something of value we can even see it in our geography all over the world so societies of locals that local societies that grew up based around the manufacture or the isolation of salt wrote about it in their very names so we can see this even in Scotland in the Asha coast saltcoats where they would purifying salt from the sea through to salzburg where they were mining from from the mountains and even in India where we have the village the island of salt which was very famous for several hundred years ago for for salt trade and it does indeed it does underpin a lot of our societies economic developments so for example you can see here in this picture this is the famous salt Caravan which was taking salt on Long camel trains that have been mined in here so they've been taken from swamped in this in in the Sahara Desert and bring them into Timbuktu making Timbuktu a very flourishing market economy and this was written about actually as long goes as 400 BC many economies practiced salt tax so not only the buying of the soul paying levy on top of that per capita to pay for the mining of salt and actually underpin the development of ancient wonders of the world like the tempo.

Of Artemis we hear about that was built on the proceeds of the salt tax now you might think that this is not really that relevant that these are ancient & bygone days but actually these concepts persist so this is from the BBC website 2009 we can see that the timbuk2 salt caravans are still going well they're under threat interchanging will both due to climate change and global economies but it's still very much a way of life in Mali for some some tribes there and the salt tax.

Well I think you're the pointer has as the point is died and come back and so the salt tax actually still persisted in in in relatively modern times this is the Inland salt hedge which was built by the British during the occupation of India built around 1850 at its peak around eighteen ninety four thousand kilometers long and actually a physical hedges described as been 13 to 20 feet high.

Many many meters thick built of dense course like material that just could not be passed.

Apart from certain gates along its route these gates worm and quite heavily by the British Army 12,000 soldiers at the peak and the whole point of this was to ensure that the salt tax could be livid so in order to maintain relatively high salt taxation in Bengal there was a tanned and from the salt mines here there was a tax on the the movement of assault across india and this has global economic impact gandy 1930 started protesting against this and they're big marches against the inequities of the salt tax but it's still persisted and was still in place until nineteen forty-six so still from ancient times through to modern times salt is influencing the development of our societies so from all of this we get one key concept that throughout history salt has been considered something of exceptionally high value you can see it here this is a picture of da Vinci's Last Supper and this is Judas Iscariot clutching his bag of gold and you can see in this box out here that with his elbow he's not over the salts and spilt the valuable salt all over the all over the table so in symbolic art the spilling of this valuable substance the substance that we swear oaths upon is is thought of as a hard having bring out of doom a predictor or bad things to come and we all know this where we take the pinch of salt if we split and throw it over our shoulder to dispel the devil that might be lurking there so why is this.

Well as a physiologist i got i got interested in the works of one of physiology is great philosophers this is Homer Smith he was professor of physiology new york university and in the late in the in the middle fifties nineteen fifties he published two books that had a profound impact in popular science and he posited a theory that I'll talk about in a second the first of these was a novel called the lungfish in the Padre and it's a novel that takes place in Africa about a physiologist is going to find the missing link the long Fisher fish that can live on water but equally consider can survive on land and i know it it seems a little bit far-fetched you can actually bite on major online booksellers but it was in its day a major bestseller following that in 1959 he wrote this popular science book which which said talked about our evolution as a species going from how we change from being fish to philosophers and his concept.

Is over simplified in my dr doing a diagram here it's about a fish that adapts to walking on land and his whole hypothesis was that once you do this you face a major evolutionary challenge you go from an environment where salt is hugely abundant and is is all around you to an environment where salt is very scarce and this puts extraordinary selection pressure genetic selection pressure on the organism perfect and so you're going from salt is abundant source is scarce and geographically isolated and when we talking about salt in this context we're talking about salt in solution say line sodium ions and chloride ions and why do we need these in our body we need them because they underpin hugely important physiological processes they makers what we are as David talked about his introduction they control our blood pressure the salt in our blood controls the volume of fluid in our blood and and dictates the pressure that blood is under the distribution of salt across cell membranes controls the electrical properties of that cell and allow cells and nerves and muscles to function properly so we have to control exactly physiological the normal sodium chloride in our body and once you move from this environment to this environment that becomes incredibly difficult now one of the other great philosophers is is this guy here claude bernard and he said that the process that allowed us to live this free and life on land and all mammalian species was the ability to control our internal environment allowed us to stabilize all the things that are going on.

And the solutions in which our organs were bathed and it allowed us to to perambulate across the land and to be independent of needs to control salt directly through our skin and you've all seen this kind of slide the human body is seventy percent water but this is actually not true.

It's a line its salt in water we know this when you go into a hospital with a if you're fortunate to have to get an IV drip drip is a water to drip is sodium chloride so we are salt we've adapted to salt and we carry our environments around inside walls and the processes that allowed us to do this other things that put us a challenging changing world so for Homer Smith here and Kluber not hear the major focus was on evolution of control mechanisms what mechanisms did our body put in place that allowed us to adapt to this independent life Smith focused his work almost exclusively on two aspects that the aspects that allowed the gut to reabsorb to take in salt from the food that we eat and the kidney how the kidney function to filter our blood and get rid of impurities yet keep hold of the salt that we needed to live we know however some of the work that we'll talk about a little bit later from our lab talks about other pathways and which is the kind of the input pathways to this equation so how we take salt in so we know for example that we have in hardwired hard encoded into our brain our behavioral patterns that when we become low in salt we start to have salt seeking behaviors we start to generate a hunger for assault we also know that the tongue one of the five tastes modalities of the tongue is salt the molecular processes of this we now understand a little bit better but it's a way that the body can discriminate among all of those tastes the exact taste of salt now all of these things are brought together in perfect harmony the perfect harmony physiology the perfect harmony of of control so that the salt in the salt out match and they're controlled by a variety of hormone systems and by our nervous system and these are the focus of intense research efforts and i'm not going to go into that at all anywhere today but if it works we're happy mammals the challenges keeping it working the whole concept is about balance this is what physiology is it is about balance so that the salt that we take in is matched by the salt that we excrete from our body to maintain that constant internal environment and the processes that were talking about are encoded in our DNA and we might wobble from this is my best animation by the way it really does not get any bitterness.

The point is we might wobble from day to day reminding more than we normally do but over a period of two to three wanted two days we get back into sodium balance by adjusting these hormonal or nervous controls so if we look at this prehistoric creature on the left and this elegantly sophisticated scientist on the right we ask the question what went wrong and remember that we're talking about our changing world there are many answers to this question my children give me several of them what went wrong.

The key is here if we go back into ancient civilizations we know that the daily salt intake was based around our physiological needs so we took in around about half to one gram a day now the variety of ways that we know this there are some beautiful worked on archaeological work analyzing foodstuffs analyzing contents of bowels from ancient hominids but actually even relatively recently big studies like the into salt trial which monitored global solar salt intake Cecrops the world were able to find people this is the yomi peoples from the the amazon basin of the Amazon rainforest so in the north part on the border of Venezuela and Brazil this is about 35,000 people living in a very pre industrialized society we know that their their salt intake still is around about this about half a gram per day we also measure their blood pressure and blood pressures in 95 over 60 on average compared to our normal of a hundred twenty over 80 there is no incidences of hypertension no instances of diabetes no incidences of obesity in these populations so what went wrong what changes this is the recommended upper limit of your salt intake so this is grams of salt per day there are two bars here because there are different limits the five grams a day is the World Health Organization's of pretoria belivet the six grams of days i'm sure you're familiar with is the uk's upper limit in 2012 i was part of a study that we run in little friends to measure salt intake and this was my salt into my habitual salt intake at that time sure it hasn't massively changed today i was eating between eight and nine grams of salt per day so regularly exceeding the upper tolerable limits that's recommended by health organizations and government government's so you can ask a couple of things here is this just me and my old exit down to that home so am i am I typical person well yes I am.

You look at studies like this which was published a couple of years ago in the British Medical Journal looking at average salt intake on a global level and you can see in Western Europe where somewhere here around eight or nine ground the day so I'm actually typical for my geographical location and you can see that there is somewhere spread from Central Asia all the way through sub-saharan Africa that the key message here is in all of these populations the habitual daily intake of salt exceeded whichever regulation you care to choose we're taking in too much salt about thirty percent more than we need on a world base it's around about nine grams per day and if we look at the NHS and they produced this rather snazzy salt survival guide they say look these are the figures we are eating as the UK as the UK we are eating 183 million million kilograms of salt per year which they'd rather strangely in my view say is equivalent of 18,000 london buses are not sure why that's the unit of measurement for salt intake but there you have it i think the point is it's a lot of salt and what does this actually mean.

Well let's go back to this balance diagram here where the body the physiology that the genetic code is striving to keep us in salt balance is trying to keep our internal environment constant and we're putting it under massive strain and this is david mentioned earlier on is having powerfully bad impacts on blood pressure now that is some controversy in the scientific community about how this is happening how these things this out of balance and blood pressure connect so some people would say that the the you go out of bounds only for a short period of time but you're always having to compensate for a heavy sodium load and that gives you high blood pressure some really new research is actually saying no we're chronically out of balance of what the body's doing is taking this salt that it's eating it can't excrete it so very efficiently and it's putting the salt in places that the salt shouldn't be so it's putting in our bones or in our skin.

And there's some beautiful evidences as we get older the soul concentration our skin gets higher and higher and higher and there's evidence that you can roll this back there are good outputs for health so putting in place it shouldn't be as bad but whatever the mechanism linking being out of balance to high blood pressure there is a very strong connection between this habitual overload of salt and we know you've seen stats like this it like two starts that hypertension is that it's a case of global health crisis this is the wh owes briefed on it in 2013 they said it's a public health crisis it is the silent killer.

David mentioned this unless you know your numbers you're not going to know you have it you don't feel and well until you have a cardiovascular instant like a stroke or a heart attack and this slide okay for this audience you might want you guys might all be down here in the the the low prevalence population in the twenties but once you get to my age range above and hypertension becomes a serious issue that you're worrying about and it is driven in part by things like a high-salt diet and so what causes hypertension what can we do about this well in simple terms the equations is very simple it breaks down to the interaction between our genes and the environment in which our genes operating in this case we mean assault heavy diet the problem with this is it's a tangle it's a bowl of spaghetti where do you begin how do you separate out cause and effect and how do you untangle mechanisms of a very complex disease and this is the blood pressure distribution in the general population don't know that's so that's not come out massively well but the point here is that for most people.

We're here we're operating in this region and this is where we have common genetic variants that each carrier very small effect it's really really really noisy to work in this area the measurements that you're making a very small environmental factors are difficult to control its difficult really to understand what's going on so about 20 years ago a number of people across the world notably guy called rick lifton at Yale who I was interacting with the time change the way that they thought about looking at genetics of hypertension and said okay let's not work in this middle noisy bit let's work out here.

Ok there are fewer people and the genetic variants are rare but they carry with them really large effects we can see them we can trace the effects down through families.

Let's do that and let's find out what causal genes are this is challenging to do is challenging to work with with with humans because of course is a diverse genetic background it's an uncontrollable environment is very difficult to to to get people to agree to eat a certain amount of salt in this case and of course these are all people patients with massively high blood pressure.

They all need to be treated and and they all are treated so even if you find the underlying genetic calls how did you find out how that's changing blood pressure the answer to this is you change the system and here in edinboro we've done this very well for a number of years you move from humans which are noisy and difficult to handle two genetically engineered mice genetically engineered rats the key points here is that you can then tweak the genetic code of their animal the underlying physiology is the same the evolutionary track from sea to land is the same the systems are the same you can control the genetic background you can control the environmental factors such as the salt intake and you can make studies over a long period of time so this can tell you very nicely how genes operate to control of pressures.

And I give you this is an example from from our work where we have a mouse that we tweet genetic solve and we have a diet which is similar actually to the the ancient diets that we used to live on very low salt and here systolic blood pressure is around this week then go to a period where they eat a diet that is reflects the diet that we everyday high-salt feeding and you can see what happens really nicely the blood pressure goes up and the ways we can do this is because we have amazing technologies this is called a radio telemetry device its implanted on the general anesthetic into the animal it's about the size of my little fingernail so it's very tiny device it contains a radio transmitter the new ones actually contained bluetooth connected and it records the blood pressure every minute of every day for that animal over long periods of time and allows all that data to be exported to to my computer and so we can observe animals in their natural environment to see how blood pressure is changing with salt changing we can combine this with changing the environment animals living so these for example our cages mouse House's if you like where we can control the thought we can measure certainly the water the salt meat and the sodium that they excrete in their urine and their feces so we can control we can track how blood pressures changing over time and we can tie this to the dietary challenge the animal is facebook and if we do this which we've done for a number of years we find some interesting things all of these genetic mutations from the human study then taken into animals change the way that the kidney works this is the the unit of the kidney is called the Nephilim is essentially a tube that processes salt and all of the genetic mutations change the way that this nephron process salt and this is the main way that salt leaves our body and the numbers here are huge so for example normally we filter 280 litres of blood this structure here so this is the way that the blood is filtered and impurities shared through the kidney 180 liters a day so my blood volumes around about five and a half liters and if my kidneys are working normally which hopefully they are by the end of this talk I'll filtered my entire blood one time through my kidney so if this goes slightly wrong it can have a profound impact on the amount of soldiers held within our body and so what it means when we think about why r out of balance is actually not to do with this perhaps what to do with this our kidneys are not efficient enough excreting the high amounts of salt that we taken throughout diets so is that the whole story well of course is not the whole story is a much more complicated than that because the kidneys don't exist in isolation they talked to all of the other organ systems notably Outbrain they're connected via aspects of the nervous system the brain releases a number of hormones that control for the kid the cruise control kidney function there's this to and fro between the brain and the kidney and this I think the work is now emerging suggest this interaction actually is key to understanding hypertension and understanding the impact in terms of cardiovascular disease now the reason that I go interested in this is because i read a paper by a neuroscientist colleague here at Emory University where one of the genes were interested in and we knew that it changed how the kidney work was also expressed herein the brainstem so in the ancient brain in our kind of fishy brain if you like it was expressed in very very discrete regions is only expressed in two very focused parts of the brain and when I read this work that it was the brain regions that can.

There were controlling assault appetite and will also influence in blood pressure controller and biology does not do coincidences.

So we spent some time trying to unlock what this was doing so we went back into a genetically modified approach and we modulated the jeans only in the brain and then we did this experiment we gave mice a choice.

The same choices that we face every day when you either this or you eat that so we gave them a choice in this case of taking in water or taken in sailing so very salty waters about is not quite salty seawater book pretty unpalatable we presented them always with to drinking bottles and they were complete Liberty to choose which bottle for which bottle they drank a normal mouse does this behavior it drinks eighty to ninety percent of his time from the water bottle and only take small amounts from the saltwater when we modulated this pathway in the brain stem we unlocked we amplified a hunger for assault that we could see no reason why this animal would want to eat sold but certainly did it ate and drank also from the water bottle be a perfect ramp most of its liquid intake was through the salt i have this craving this appetite for assault and what did this due to blood pressure now you've seen this before this is act these are the data actually from this study these are when the animal could only drink water in this period it could drink either water all salt and when it chose the salt to drink the blood pressure went up so this is a genetic drive for blood pressure driven by our appetite for sold the kidney function is entirely normal in this set it was rather exciting for us it broke through in a very quiet phase in british news to the mainstream media and we got headlines in the mail the times in the sub my favorite remember favorite one and I feel that I have achieved probably.

Now that my football career has failed I've achieved something because I've got a quote the ends in say scientists salt taste in jeans say scientists said the Sun the nature online character is rather nice picture of a mouse putting salt on cheez-it we were interviewed by the Chinese President down particularly big in China and also in Kazakhstan for some unknown reason and what I took from this was a momentary satisfaction that was brought down rather quickly when I looked at the online comments under the under the under the mail because sarah from Susan's error from Spain responded within half an hour of it going online with this is all to rubbish it's nonsense this is all about Jean science driving economies to make money now that the vaccine market is flooded Mitch name blanked out privacy reasons from DC was succinct in his criticism he said it's nonsense this chap add salt to his peanuts and his pretzels and he's totally fine and I resisted the temptation to get into an online them there but because actually did do Sarah and Mitch actually have a point here and and they may well do which is Mitch this is a study upper really influential study form.

Around 2,000 and it's a long-term follow-up study and these are data that I've changed to make it more easy to understood stand it followed many many patients and it categorize them into whether they could eat salt and their blood pressure didn't change so that's the salt resistant people and and and into whether people then responded to salt and the salt sensitive so people that we ate salt and blood pressure went up now what we see from this graph of two things first of all if you have normal blood pressure and your blood pressure does not change with the salt that you eat things are pretty good for you so after about twenty seven years about ninety-five percent of that group is still alive.

The redline other people with hypertension underscores David's point from earlier on that it doesn't really matter if you're salt-sensitive also resistant if you've got hypertension it's a really big cardiovascular risk factor and about forty percent of that cohort died from a cardiovascular insult during the period of this study now the interesting thing is this blue line here so this is a group of people that have normal blood pressure but their blood pressure was exquisitely sensitive to the salt that they need so if they had low salt blood pressure went down but in today's high salt societies with this high salt their blood pressure was higher than it otherwise would be and the outcomes for them were not good so around about thirty percent of that group die of cardiovascular cardiovascular disease and and the one on the way they progress to having hypertension and this is not an insignificant number so depending on the study probably influenced strongly by ethnicity around a quarter to forty percent of individuals are salt-sensitive so if we look in this room for example so say around about in this room around about 40 people also are going to have salt-sensitive blood sure and even if you're in your twenties and undergraduate and not thinking about this this is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the work that we're interested in now is actually saying what are the genes for salt sensitivity can we identify them can we tell you or you or me that I have salt sensitivity and can we add that advised lifestyle modifications that would have long-term cardiovascular benefits and we started this program it raised it runs and the thing that we find here former animal models so far is that the salt-sensitive genes are the old jeans their genes that have been conserved across this beautiful circle that keeps insult balance and that the same things so the same genes in our kidneys are holding onto the salt in the urine are the same genes that are in our brain that are driving us to eat salt and the same genes that are on our two expressions are tone to make us be able to discriminate salt in the food that we eat and the key thing here is in our changing world these jeans no longer fit to our environment and so when if we if we're this person here we're sailing on the sea of dietary salt will really stuck between a rock and a hard place Scylla and Charybdis we've got a brain that is driving a hunger for salt our ancient brain wants us to eat salt our kidney is massively efficient holding in that salt and that really makes it very difficult to avoid.

Dad developing hypertension over the course of your life and the damage is huge this again from the NHS tens of thousands of people dying prematurely because of cardiovascular disease and the costs in terms of society and economics are massive this is an interesting statistic reducing this salt intake by just one gram a day could save four thousand lives a year save large amounts of money for the NHS and I think we have two options here.

Option one is sarah from spain's gene science can we change the jeans option two is changing the environment so let's talk about someone changing the jeans and now why would we want to do this is because of this you can say to somebody.

The best thing that the the single best option for you is to reduce your dietary salt intake and most people will go what's option two and we can't yet released yet change gene function readily but we as their genes regulate readily in humans but we can change their function and in fact we are doing this and we have been doing this on a massive scale for a number of years through blood pressure medications and so from the statistics on 2013 we see a really large number of prescriptions given for cardiovascular disease about thirty percent of total prescriptions 65 million of those are treating hypertension or how freely or or statins to lower.

Lipid but as we saw from David slide earlier and in my my personal favor and medical journal the mail online and you can see that this is a study from Lester where they were monitoring do people take their medication by measuring the medication in the urine one in four people are failing to do this so even if we try and change the genes by giving the tablets people are not compliant with this in the long term it's complex the complex reasons underlying this part of it is it's a silent killer you don't feel and well you don't feel a need to take pills so i guess the option that we left with is changing the environment rolling back are changing will to to the to the earlier time period and and it can be successful.

This is the mouse study this is phase three of that study so we had ancient diet modern high-salt diet blood pressure goes up and when we go back to that low salt diet blood pressure comes back down after about three weeks blood pressure is back down to where it was before and there are saying the same type of data from studies in chimpanzees and also form studies in humans so it works it can be really effective so what's the problem with this you remember this one before you need this this is the regular upper limits and this is what I was eating in 2012 the next part of this study was a three-week period where we were asked to become salt aware we were asked not to eat out everyday foods but to think about the food you're eating and try and reduce our salt intake I spent three pretty challenging week students and the outcome balls.

Who was this actually I didn't know my intake by hardly anything at all so despite really trying to lower it it pretty much state.

Resolute Lee over the upper egg you later limits and from this we learned that it's really hard to reduce your salt intake why because actually most of this salt intake is not within our control so there are different estimates out in the scientific literature but about 75% of the soul the weed is already in the foods that we eat is it's part of the manufacturing process part of the process the the food is in the process food and i'll give you an example of why this is tough this is from a pizza attendance pizza from one of our major supermarket chains its manufacture its it's advertised as a healthy pizza.

The reason that it's healthy pizzas it has low fat pepper only on this pizza ok so you can go into the supermarket on real friday night when you're getting getting your vodka and pringles an account what the other thing was and and to get to get your pizza and you go no I'm going to take the healthy option i'm going to lower my i'm going to i'm going to be healthy about this i'm going to go for the spicy low-fat pepper only but look half of the pizza contains half of your daily intake for salty upper limit of your daily intake result phenomenal amounts of salt and it's not all doom and gloom and the UK government has this amazing website is really good lots of information on this and they have taken this is from the coalition government actually that took a very non alleged london on legislation based approach so it was about working with the food industry rather than imposing regulations and tariffs and it has had some success it removed in 2012 11 million kilograms of salt and it has set new targets between 17 but remember up against 18,000 london buses with assault so there's still a way to go here there are a lot of online movements now about becoming more aware of things like this this is my favorite it's be a ninja and practice stealth health and this comes from Australian actually when they study published about two years ago which was finding the children were eating six grams a day they were eating at the upper limit for adults on average and what they were deciding to do was saying actually children are an easily targeted group because their salt intake can be better controlled by their parental imports can we do education can we practice stealth so not saying you are going to be healthy but changing the foods that whenever the types of food that they have in their backup you can also see this is from the American Heart Association not sure i have to say that the salty six works it's not quite like the hateful eight but a that they were to what they're trying to do here is to say look let's increase awareness of where most of the salt is hidden annex you know the usual suspects perhaps such as pizza but it's also in the sandwiches we'd the bread particular cheese and in soups all of these are hugely hi insult and you might not be aware of this david mentioned this little there are things so this is for example from the national institutes of health its Dietary Approaches to stop hypertension the DASH diet so online you can you can go through recipe books about how you can eat diets that are calorific Lee good nutritionally good but also very low in salt and that studies show that this is very effective reduces the sodium chloride boosts of the potassium chloride and blood pressure goes down there are even a fat called paleolithic diet food movement i should say call Paleolithic diets you can fly if you type in online you'll find their website and is trying two rolls back many many millennia to say look this is this is the challenge that we're facing let's do something about it let's get away from processed food and back into a much more balanced diet ok so let's try and begin to bring this together we go from evolutionary drive that means that we value salt because it is essential for our life and it is rare we hold it as a thing of high value and it attaches itself into our economies into our cultural life both of both absolutely and symbolically and the changing world is the instead of spilling salt and then throwing it to get rid of the devil on your shoulder that salt now has become the hidden devil in all are in in all of our cupboards.

So the key thing that I would like you to do is really look out for this hidden salt because it is a changing world but we can change it back so become salta we're go for the lower salt option and with that I'll say thank you and these are the guys that are funded all our work here so thank you very much I hello thank you for your told and I wanted to ask you.

So I just to give you a bit of background I've seen I've seen this documentary on sugar for example just trying to make an analogy where they were looking at daily sugar consumption of refined sugar and they were saying that the daily recommended maximum intake should be brought down from the actual from the current values around 80 grams a day to 20 because that's actually the real amount of sugar that we should be today.

So in this in the light of this do you think the six grams a day of salt which is currently that the limit in the UK at least I think I do you think that's a real value or do you think that should be closer to three or two or less ok so that two separate that out a little bit so i think the first point you make and the analogy with sugar is a is a is a very good one I mean these so it has been said that hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are diseases of civilization is the same with diseases of things like obesity so going from scarcity to plenty changes the physiology so I think the analogy with sugars a very good one salt has tended at least in recent years not to get the same type of play and so when healthy food options are marketed they've been marketed around sugars and facts but not necessarily around Salt the second part is actually quite interesting.

So the UK government set six grams a day in canada say about 2005 there was a big media story in the BBC about the fact that they the UK government which was Labor government regarded by the time and wanted to move the recommended limit down to about 5 grams in line with the world health organization but it was not going to be achievable without significant losses across the food industry that was the BBC coverage i can't comment on the actuality of it but i think what it does do is it gets you into the fact that this is a very complex area for e3e economics certainly you can see a very nice u-shaped relationship between cardiovascular risk and salt intake and we're so if you go onto a very very low salt diet that can have adverse effects for different reasons but we're way off that and i think there's still quite a lot of room to bring that upper limit down and what the UK government's targeting at the moment is a thirty percent reduction in our daily salt intake David if you have anything you would like to have them just just to say is there a few students here that the American big bad six nothing like push takeaway take away Carrie takeaway Chinese they're not regulated in the same way as supermarkets are and you can easily 10 grams in a portion.

Thank you very much for his daughter was really interesting in and also quite disturbing but a message to share the pictures yeah message that message taken i was wondering if you could provide and following up on the last question if you will provide a little background when did this intake of salt that we have right now started to happen I mean when did this trend actually took off for talking about 40 years or 15 years and and and what's happening you know what's happening on what what's ahead of us in terms of what will happen if we actually don't start this trend or what do you think it will end up.

Yeah okay so that is the question the question when did this start happening is so more difficult to answer but there are some data out there that suggests this is something that has been occurring only in the last safe forty fifty sixty years i think increasing amounts of salt intake so you go back and to some clinical data hundred years ago.

And the the salt outputs then were much lower than they are now but of course the ways the numbers of patients that would be measured was quite small so it's uncertain but i think you said i think is relatively recent and it's been driven by convenience foods and high food processing so a change in the way that we relate to the food that we eat so most of the time and I know in my life when you going into the supermarket's you're not making things from scratch so you're often on a way of things that you're putting together for dinner so you might have for example past with the past source that you haven't made the constituents of and this is something that didn't happen even with my parents and it certainly didn't have my grandparents so I think it's a relatively modern phenomenon the good news about is something we're becoming increasingly aware of it relating back to the topic about them sugar and obesity think generally will be becoming more aware of the things that we having high impact on our cardiovascular health where do we go from here this is my view that the burden is disproportionately distributed so it is a socio-economic component to this because one of the ways that food is driven to people that aren't quite so well office through value meals or essential ranges or whatever and these are the ranges which tend to behind sugar high in fat and high high insult.

So I think we're in a phase of the moment where there is more notice about it.

Things can be changed but the way it's changing is not evenly distributed across society and I remember actually David through the beach at David the back remember the the the at your annual awards day speaking to a group of people from Glasgow who had been talking about the availability of fresh food fruit stuffs within the region that they lived in in west of scotland and finding actually it was really difficult for people to access this kind of things because actually the local stores were no longer shot stocking them and to go to the larger supermarkets was an economic challenge so so i think that that's where we're out of them.

Thank you for the talk I'm just wondering how is salt beans become so cheap nowadays talk about it being such a valuable resource as latest 1944 tease but now obviously gets I killed our salt about two pounds is yeah it's actually actually I don't know the answer to that question i mean so when I when I look back I and I guess is locked up in the manufacturing process so when I when I look back at the descriptions of how salt was mined or dried out from marine seawater you're looking at a very labor-intensive small-scale operation and even your even persisting until the kind of the nineteen forties I i assume but don't know the answer that that it has just been part of a improve manufacturing process so that you scale up you automate so it doesn't become so person heavy and the price you get economies of scale and the price goes down but i don't know exactly hey yeah there's wondering what is a realistic amount of salt that you would have upper day that you would say and then the second question was would it be possible to not have any salt at all for a day and that affect your blood so to answer the first question I was hoping in the phase of the study that I was doing myself so I should tell you how we how I measure how you measure salt intake it's not really threw food diaries because these are very unreliable and unless you're in a situation where you can control exactly that the the food that was presented to an individual and ensure they eat all that food is very difficult to gauge what people are eating so what they want what is tended to be done is it is a urine collection so you collect your urine / 24-hour period several times and you measure how much salt is in that urine and that gives you a good indication of the amount of salt that you've ingested within a 24-hour period preceding that having done this over a period of myself over a period of several weeks i learned that it's quite weird thing to do because you have to go around with a big round pot full of pee look at work why do I think otherwise people would think I was we're talking a nice spot so anyway when I did that I of the study I was hoping that i will get down to 26 grams a day and I didn't so I would think that we should be able to get down to six grams a day but it is really really challenging we were giving up actually to do this study again and we think you're thinking of ways about being more interactive with our dietary advice just want to say thank you so much that was really good and I were confident occation and and my project is covering the whole country and would be very interested and perhaps if that's too much to ask now it would like to talk to you afterwards and see what your advice would be to employ include and awareness of salt in our diet for in children and education that actually that would be great because for me if I'm looking for somebody with your skills about how we doing that kind of stuff in two hours i'm already eating the sugar and actually might make Rangers quite broad but i haven't include specifically a salt that much and i would love to include I've that's ok perfect we can talk afterwards I can go and give you my contact details XO the second thing was i would like to give salt such a bad name because we also give him and also the aspect of food preservation so we also see children actually thanks to salt we managed to preserve food in history we didn't have fridge absolutely options that the only thing about them and the other thing that I struggle sometimes and I have a red discuss the Food Standards Scotland but and i'm still in a battle but i'm i'm i'm trying to find wasted to do this is food labeling basically as much as you said about salt and how hard it is to really prevent eating salt because of the heat assault and is the same with sugar but in the food labeling and the standard is for an adult honor 2,000 calories where was children a pin John the each group the salt intake should be less so let's say for 46 years old child we should be recommending actually perhaps three grams of salt no 6 which means if the in the label if we go for the traffic light where is amber for our child is already are red and it gets confusing for parents and i called and talked to fit sounds we need to do something about this and they sell too complicated we can't do that so I'm trying to engage with the universe together for Chris Griffin and try to convince them that parents could do with something around the city this is a yeah i'm absolutely in agreement with this I'm enlisted when we go back to the ninja and the stealth health and she's driven by exactly this is how how can you help parents to make the right choices for their children no no I'm really agreement that I understand a lot of us a lot of salt has idea added to it this is cut the incidence of disease later I d deficiency.

I just want a healthy balance the idea deficiency with salts with an excess salt or salt become a much greater problem now in a higher priority should be maybe adding I'd into something else is there a way to balance both i think so i think i would think that the you can balance both more easily i mean you you look at you look at this a movement of adding things like idea nor in America particularly adding vitamin complexes to milk so that there is this thing and all of this has profound health benefits so that you could either think of an alternative but some of the conversations had more recently is about changing the types of things that we use to flavor food with so maybe going away from purified salt we know about things like rock salt and sea salt etc etc but actually into all the flavorings that are more that they engaged the time in the brain in the same way that salt does but don't have the cardiovascular impact on map so i think you can achieve it and there is certainly within the food industry and a couple of conversations in that industry that I've had our people are actively looking at trying to answer that question is there any difference between salt in like reiterations or drinks and sorted food soon you want among over it was eerie forbid inter-affiliate ara and they always need to feel better but is there any result text out okay yeah so okay to a little bit of background without so when I was at Yale one of the people there one of the groups that had worked with developing one of the rehydration drinks and was funded through that and actually engages the physiological process so when you're engaged in high-intensity sport you're losing a lot of salt through sweat so it's actually about that's why you get your salt appetite when you're hungover the thing that alcohol does is it dehydrates you because you inhibit an enzyme in the brain that holds water in the body so you start to be a lot of salty water out and you get very dehydrated so this is the kind of physiology in action is that your you've had some perturbation to the system you become salt depleted and yours your body is seeking out to get that together outsole back in to your body is there any difference between one of these fluid drinks and out and all this other types of salt intake at base not really they tend to be sodium chloride they tend to be potassium this calcium and things in there and the only difference is about how you take them so if you drink these drinks without having a physiological need you're taking excess salt and excess calories so they own their design particularly to work in response to losing salts for exercise you actually saw the same when I was when I was a university works in the summer in in the steelworks and scandal on one of the jobs that you did there was is called furnish wrecking and you went inside and strip the blast furnace lining they turn the furnaces off but they were still massively massively hot and you could only work in therefore i think it was half an hour on half an hour off and they used to bring galvanized buckets of the saltiest orange juice that was a color not known to nature so kind of pre sports drinks essentially and it was all about replacing the soul that you lost you in the work so it's that's physiological salt replacement but without basis the same salt.

There's been a lot on the net but they're aforementioned Himalayan rock salt.

Well what they're actually saying is it's very good for your bones so and i give up eating solid food but now i bought some and I've started adding it to some meals so wondering why using that the access so gets into your bones and you sort of it's bad for your bones so now this is sort of completely conflicting advice that one's new yes i think so I so I guess to pass this i am aware of the Himalayan rock salt I haven't looked into this yeah yeah absolutely.

But there are lots of things like that appear and the scientific basis for that cannot often be the strongest in this case I don't know this is one thing I've just had my blood pressure taken it's absolutely perfect the doctor was really impressed with it so so there are two there again with two aspects of these and one of the things i was trying to get across in the talk is that the on a population level this reducing salt is a good thing on an individual level it will depend on your individual needs because there are people for example that have genetic disorders that make them lose salt from the body and they tend to have lower blood pressure and they tend to need to get a very strong salt appetite so overall reducing Salty's is for population has it will have a very good cardiovascular outcomes for the population on an individual basis it will depend on your underlying genetics and that's part of the things that we and other groups are trying to do to be able to say to individuals are you going to be assault loser or do you need to reduce your salt the Himalayan stuff I can't depend on what kind of salt you too.

Yes the soldiers it's a calcium so just say it might not be so troublesome exactly sodium salt is that sells its bathroom I think we should call it a day there.

Thank you very much like a will join them shortly.

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Donald Trump's first press conference as president-Full

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Daily basis.

You stopped giving quite a bit of an accurate but i do have to say that and i must say i want to thank a lot of organizations here today because they look at that nonsense that was released I maybe the elements Angeles maybe Intelligence Agency tremendous lot i'm going to be impacted that tremendous because the thing that should have written it should never had had release i want to thank a lot of these organizations or some home have not treated very well there's a couple in particular and they came out so strongly against that students and the fact that was really primarily one rule and one television station so I just want two people in the room and respect for others and great respect for treatment of breast all of that and i will tell you there were some organizations what was just said at work so professional so incredibly professional that I've just done up a notch okay alright we had some great news of the last couple weeks have been quite active because you take an economic way the country lot of car companies are going to be moving and other companies because it's going to be announced analytics couple of weeks companies and getting building in the Midwest so just API price little big baby factory going to be built this country as opposed to another country for just announced that they stopped planned floor and billion-dollar plant in Mexico and they're going to be able to get the Michigan expanding very substantially an existing plant appreciate that 20-word appreciated very much from the Empress i hope the general motors will be following and I think they will be I think a lot of people to be involved i think a lot of industries are going to come back we have to get our drug industry coming back drug industry has been disastrous leaving left and right they supply drive but they don't make them here to a large extent and the other thing we have to do is we bidding procedures for the drug industry because they get away with murder pharma the lobbies obvious lot of our and there's very little bitty on drugs the largest buyer of drugs in the world and yet we don't get properly we're gonna start going to save billions of dollars over and we're gonna do that with a lot of other industries I'm very much involved with the generals and admirals on the aeroplane the f-35 you've been reading about it and it's way way behind schedule and many many billions of dollars over budget I don't like that and the animals have been fantastic the generals have been fantastic I've really gotten on well and we're going to be some big things on the 35 program and perhaps the f-18 program and we're going to get those costs way down and we're going to get the plaintiff you'd better have some competition is going to be a beautiful things so we've been very very much involved and other we had Jack we had so many incredible people coming here there are no they do tremendous things tremendous things in this country and very excited and i will say if the election didn't turn out the way it turned out there would not be here that was not being allowed us to be anybody else's office maybe building and doing things so this is a great spirit going on right now spirit that many people told me and never seen before ever we create jobs i said that i won't be the greatest jobs isn't that guy ever created and I mean I really work very hard.

Need certain amounts of other things including a little bit of luck but I think we're going to do you John and very proud of what we've done and we haven't got there yet I like very much for locating the operation is going to be a beautiful event we have a talent from this town and we have the hands and Muslims from the different different segments of the military and I've heard some of these bands over the years every president we have a very very public and a 20 year is going to be something that will be very very special and beautiful and I didn't have class because we have a woman it's a little bit like the world has never seen before.

It's a movement that a lot of you didn't expect and even the bowls over some of the beginning right.

Many of them didn't and it was a beautiful scene and elaborate as those states started for in we focus very heart of those states and they really reciprocated and whose names you have a lot of jobs you can add a lot of security they could have a lot of good news for the veterans and by the way speaking of veterans I appointed today the head secretary of the Veterans Administration David shopping and we'll do a news release a little while talking about David he's fantastic he's fantastic you will do ain't really which one of the four members that made this straight out the whole situation for veterans or veterans have been treated holiday they waited in line for fifteen sixteen seventeen days cases where they go and they have in minor early stage one cancer they can see a doctor by the time they get to the dr terminal it happen it's not going to happen so David is going to do a fantastic job we're going to be talking to a few people also to help David and we have some of the great hospitals of the world going to align themselves with us on the Veterans Administration like the Cleveland Clinic like the Mayo Clinic few more that we have and we're going to set up a a group these at hospitals that have been the top-of-the-line the absolute top of the line and they're going to get together with their great doctors dr. Toby Cosgrove vision from the Cleveland Clinic has been very involved I Perlmutter has been very very involved one of the great men of business and we're going to straighten out the VA for veterans have been promising that for a long time and and something I feel very very strongly so you get the information on David and I think you'll be very impressed with the job he does we looked long and hard we interviewed at least a hundred people.

Some good some not so good we had a lot of talent and we think this election will be something that will with time with time.

Straighten it out and straighten it out for good because our veterans have been treated very unfairly ok questions yes John thank you sure.

Okay first of all these meetings as you know our confidential classified so I'm not allowed to talk about what went on in a meeting and but we have many witnesses in that meeting many of them with us and i will say again I think it's a disgrace that information would be let out i saw the information i read the information outside of that meeting it's all fake news it's funny stuff it didn't happen and it was gotten by opponents of ours as you know because you reported it and so did many of the other people it was a group of opponents who got together sick people and they put that crap together so i will tell you that not within the meeting but outside of the meeting somebody released it it should never have been number one shouldn't even entered paper but it should never have been released but I read what was released and I think it's a disgrace.

I think it's an absolute disgrace as far as hacking i think was Russian but i think we also get hacked by other countries and other people and i can say that you know when when we lost 22 million names and everything else that was hacked recently they didn't make a big deal out of that that was something that was extraordinary that was probably china we had we have much hacking going on and one of the things we're gonna do we have some of the greatest computer minds anywhere in the world we've assembled you saw just a sample of it two weeks ago up here where we had the six top people in the world they were never in the same room together as a group and we're gonna put those minds together and we're going to form a defense and i have to say this also the Democratic National Committee was totally open to be hacked they did a very poor job they could have had hacking defense which we had and i will give rights previous credit because when rights so what was happening in the world and with his country he went out and went to various firms and ordered a very very strong hacking defense and they tried to hack the Republican National Committee and were unable to break through we have to do that for our country is very important.

Well you know President Putin and Russia put out a statement today that this fake news was indeed fake news they said it totally never happy that somebody would say all of course he's gonna say that I respected the fact that he said that and I i'll be honest i think if he did have something they would have released it they would have been glad to release i think frankly had broken into the Republican National Committee I think they would have released it just like they did about Hillary and all of the horrible things that her people like mr. Podesta said about her I mean what he said about her was horrible if somebody said about me what Podesta said about Hillary I was the boss I would have fired him immediately or that person because what he said about her was horrible but remember this we talk about the hacking Atkins bad and it should be done but look at the things that were hacked look at what was learned from that acting that Hillary Clinton got the questions to the debate and didn't report it.

That's a horrible thing that's a horrible thing can you imagine that if Donald Trump got the questions to the debate it would have been the biggest story in the history of stories and they would have said immediately you have to get out of the race nobody even talk about it's very terrible thing yeah well if if Putin likes Donald Trump i consider that an asset not a liability because we have a horrible relationship with Russia Russia can help us fight Isis which by the way is number one tricky i mean if you look this administration created Isis by leaving at the wrong time the void was created Isis was formed if Putin likes Ronald Trump guess what folks that's called an asset not a liability now I don't know that i'm going to get along with Vladimir Putin i hope i do but there's a good chance i won't and if I don't do you honestly believe that Hillary would be tougher on Putin than me.

Does anybody in this room really believe that give me a break.

Ok I promise that we can make clear weather during your visits to either Moscow was sooo Petersburg you engaged in conduct you now regret and a reason why don't I thought our meeting was ever say that you are potentially vulnerable to blackmail by your bites intelligence agency and we just do what i do when i leave our country i'm a very high-profile person would you say i am extremely careful i'm surrounded by bodyguards.

I'm surrounded by people and I always tell them anywhere but I always tell them if i'm leaving this country be very careful because in your hotel rooms and no matter where you go you there probably have cameras i'm not referring just two Russian but i would certainly put them in that category and number one I hope you're gonna be good anyway but in those rooms you have cameras in the strangest places cameras that are so small with modern technology you can see them and you won't know you better be careful or you'll be watching yourself on nightly television I tell this to people all the time i was in Russia years ago with the miss universe contest which did very well.

Moscow the Moscow area did very very well and I told many people be careful because you don't want to see yourself and television cameras all over the place and again not just want you all over.

Does anyone really believe that story i'm also very much of a germaphobe by the way believe me so I tweeted out that I have no dealings with Russian I have no deals in Russian I have no deals that could happen in Russia because we've stayed away and i have no loans with Russia as a real estate developer i have very very little debt i have assets that are and now people have found out how big the company is a very little done a very low dead but i have no loans with Russia at all and I thought that was important to put in a certified that so i have no deals.

I have no loans and have no dealings we could make deals in Russia very easily we wanted to I just don't want to because i think that would be a conflict so i have no loans no dealings and no current pending deals now i have to say one other thing over the weekend i was offered two billion dollars to do a deal in Dubai with a very very very amazing man great great developer from the Middle East hussain to match a friend of mine great guy and was offered two billion dollars to do a deal in Dubai number of deals and I turned it down I didn't have to turn it down because as you know i have a no conflict situation because i'm president which is I didn't know about that until about three months ago but it's a nice thing to have but I don't want to take advantage of something I have something that others don't have.

Vice-president fence also has it i don't think you'll need it i have a feeling it's not going to do but having no conflict of interest provision as president.

It was many many years old this is for president because they don't want president's getting I understand they don't want president's getting tangled up in minutia they want a president to run the country so i could actually run my business i could actually run my business and run government at the same time.

I don't like the way that looks but I would be able to do that if I wanted to be the only one that would be able to do that you can't do that in any other capacity but as a president I could run the Trump Organization great great company and I could run the company at the country i do a very good job but I don't want to do that now all of these papers that you see here yes go ahead and truck well not really same tax returns because as you know they're under on it oh gee I've never heard that are all that you have never heard that I've never heard that before you know the only one that cares about my tax returns of the reporters ok they're the only ones but but no i don't think so i want you i mean i became no I don't think they care at all i don't think they care at all i think you care.

I think you care to persuade you learned very little from a tax return what you should do is go down to federal elections and take a look at the numbers and actually people have learned a lot about my company and now they realized my company is much bigger much more powerful than they ever thought were in many many countries and I'm very proud of it and what I'm going to be doing is my two sons who are right here Don and eric are going to be running the company they are going to be running it in a very professional manner they're not going to discuss it with me again i don't have to do this we're not going to discuss it with me and with that i'm going to bring up Sherry dylan and she's going to go through these papers are just some of the many documents that I've signed turning over complete and total control to my son we ask you one more question on Russia those are there was once you're saying not only you but also your cabin is filled with interest and you can't send the picture to make sure that your your cabinet and everyone right good question i really think that when you watch what's going on with at what's happening and why I was just watching as an example.

Rex Tillerson I think it's brilliant what he's doing and what he's saying i watched yesterday as you know our great senator.

Who is going to be a great attorney general and he was brilliant and what people don't know is that he was a great prosecutor and attorney general in Alabama and he was brilliant yesterday so I really think that they are i think we have one of the great cabinets ever put together and we've been hearing that from so many people people are so happy you know the case of wrecks here an incredibly exxonmobil when there was a fine he would get it when they needed something he would be their friend of mine is very very substantial and the oil business how old ham support he said there's nobody in the business like Rex Tillerson and that's what we want that's what i want to bring the government i want to bring the greatest people in the government because we're way behind we don't make deals anymore said all the time its features we don't make deals anymore we make bad deals or trade deals are a disaster.

We have hundreds of billions of dollars of losses on a yearly basis hundreds of billions with China on trade and trade imbalance with Japan with Mexico with just about everybody we don't make good deals anymore so we need people that are smart we need people that are successful they got successful because generally speaking they're smart and that's when I put on very proud of the cabinet i think they're doing very well it's a very interesting how it's going but it's I think they're doing very very well on Obamacare yeah can you be specific on what guidance you're giving congressional Republicans on the timeline for repeal and replace sure whether it needs to be simultaneous finally Obamacare thought it was never going to be and I wanted to ask you though if you have outlined a plan for what you want to replace package to look like what it guaranteed coverage for those who have gotten health insurance through the current Obamacare law you can be very very proud as not only the media and reporters you can be very proud of what we put forth having to do with health care.

Obamacare is a complete and total disaster they can say what they want they can guide you any way they want to guide you in some cases they guide you incorrectly in most cases you realize what's happened it's imploding as we sit.

Some states have over a hundred percent increase and 17 and I said this two years ago 17 is going to be the bad year it's going to be catastrophic frankly we could sit back and it was a thought from a political standpoint but it wouldn't be fair to the people we could sit back and wait and watch and criticize and we could be a chuck schumer and sit back and criticize it and people would come today would come begging to us please we have to do something about obamacare will want on it we don't want on it politically they own it right now so the easiest thing would be to let implode in 17 and believe me we get pretty much whatever we wanted but it would take a long time we're going to be submitting as soon as our secretaries approved almost simultaneously shortly thereafter a plan it'll be repeal and replace it will be essentially simultaneously it will be various segments you understand but will most likely be on the same day or the same week but probably the same day could be the same hour so we're going to repeal and replace very complicated stuff and we're gonna get a health bill passed we're gonna get healthcare taking care of in this country you have deductibles that are so high that after people go broke paying their premiums which are going through the roof the healthcare can be used by them because the deductibles are so high Obamacare is the Democrats problem we're going to take the problem off the shelves for them.

We're doing them a tremendous service by doing it we could sit back and let them hang with it we are doing the Democrats a great service.

As soon as our secretary is approved and gets into the office will be filing a plan and it was actually pretty accurately reported today the New York Times and the plan will be repeal and replace Obamacare we're going to have a health care that is far less expensive and far better.

Ok I like going faster sir electronic deposit which one was like well i was going right here I go ahead then CBS is like Jon Steinberg chatter when you look at all the meetings that you had the carrier Softbank alibaba you can see by making this a program may be sitting inside of commerce and my fault question to that is how soon will we see the program on Capitol repatriation and corporate tax cuts.

Well I can save jobs for instance i was doing individual companies and people said well it's only one company like we did a good job with carrier and I want to thank united technologies which owns carrier but we save close to a thousand jobs and they were gone and Mike Pence and his staff really helped us a lot but those which I that was a tough one because they announced a year-and-a-half before that they will leave it so it's always tough when they're building a plant it's a little tougher than before they start before they make an announcement so I want to thank united technologies but we've been meeting with a lot of companies but what really is happening is the word is now out that when you want to move your plant to Mexico or some other place and you want to fire all of your workers from Michigan and Ohio and all these places that I one for good reason not going to happen that way anymore you want to move your plant and you think as an example you could build that plant in Mexico and you're gonna make your air conditioners or your cars or whatever you make it and you're going to sell it throughly what will be a very very strong border not a week border like it is that we don't even have a border it's an open civ but you're gonna sell through a very strong border not gonna happen you gonna pay a very large border tax so if you want to move to another country and if you want to fire all of our great American workers that got you there in the first place you can move from Michigan to Tennessee and to North Carolina and South Carolina you can move from South Carolina.

Back to Michigan you can do anyway you got a lot of states at play a lot of competition so it's not like oh gee I'm taking the competition we get a lot of places you can move and I don't care as long as it's within the United States the borders of the United States there will be a major bored attacks on these companies that are leaving and getting away with murder and if our politicians had what it takes that would have done this years ago and you have millions more workers right now in the united states that are 96 million really wanting a job and they can't get you know that's doing the real number what's the real number so that's the way it is ok go ahead i have a question about Supreme Court and yes security but I also want to ask you about something you said on Twitter this morning are we living in Nazi Germany what are you driving at their you have a problem with the intelligence community and on the Supreme Court what's your timeline you said a while ago you down to four have you conducted those interviews yet what's your timeline for nominating and on the border fence it now appears clear us taxpayers have to pay for it upfront what is you're trying thats not clear at all ok I got a paper i got you have any more on defense and offense to wal you just miss reported it we're going to build a world I could wait about a year and a half until we finish our negotiations with Mexico which will start immediately after we get to office but I don't away Mike Pence is leading an effort to get final approvals through various agencies and through Congress for the world to begin I don't feel like waiting a year year-and-a-half going to start building mexico in some form and there are many different forms will reimburse us and they will reimburse us for the cost of the wall that will happen whether its attacks or whether it's a payment probably less likely that is a payment but that will happen so remember this okay i would say we are going to build a wall and people would go crazy i would then say who's going to pay for the wall and people would all scream out twenty-five thirty thousand people because nobody's ever had crowds like Trump his head you know that you don't like to report that but that's ok ok now he agrees fine.

He agrees but I say who's going to pay for the wall and they will scream out Mexico now reports one out last week Oh Mexico's not going to pay for the world because of a reimbursement what's the difference.

I want to get the world started I don't want to wait a year and a half until i make my deal with Mexico so and we probably will have a deal sooner than that.

And by the way Mexico has been so nice so nice i respect the government of Mexico I respect the people of mexico i left the people of Mexican many people from Mexico working for me they're phenomenal people the government of Mexico is terrific I don't blame them for what happened i don't blame them for taking advantage of the United States I wish our politicians were so smart.

Mexico has taken advantage of the United States I don't blame the representatives and various presidents etc of Mexico what i say is we shouldn't have allowed that to happen it's not gonna happen anymore so in order to get the wall started Mexico will pay for the wall but it will be reimbursed ok Supreme Court Judge so as you don't have a list of 20 have gone through we've met with numerous candidates their outstanding in every case they were largely recommended and highly recommended by federalist society.

Jim DeMint was also very much involved in his group which is fantastic and he's a fantastic guy so between Leo and jim demint and some senators and some congresspeople we have a great group of people i'll be making the decision on who we will put up for justice of the united states supreme court a replacement for the great great justice color that will be probably within two weeks of the 20th so within about two weeks probably the second week i consider the first day because we'll also be doing some some pretty good signings and I think what we'll do is we'll wait till monday that will be our really first business day as opposed to doing on friday because I'm friday people are gonna have a very good time at the inauguration and then saturday as you know we're having a big your service and lots of good things are happening so our first day and you'll be invited to the signings but we'll be doing some pretty good signings on monday and tuesday and wednesday and thursday and friday and then also the next week and you're all invited but on the Supreme Court i'll be making that decision and it will be a decision which I very strongly believe in I think it's one of the reasons i got elected i think the people of this country did not want to see what was happening with the supreme court so i think it was a very very big decision as to why i was elected from like this morning about are we living in nineteen what are you driving at what are you trying to tell me i think it was a disgraceful disgraceful that the intelligence agencies allowed any information that turned out to be so false and fake out i think it's a disgrace and I say that and I say that and that's something that Nazi Germany would have done and did do I think it's a disgrace that information that was false and fake and never happened that released to the public as far as both speed which is a failing pile of garbage writing it I think they're going to suffer the consequences they already are and as far as CNN going out of their way to build it up and by the way we just felt that I was coming out michael cohen I was being in my code is a very talented lawyers a good where my firm was just reported that it wasn't this Michael Kohn they were talking about so all night long it's michael come i said i want to see your passport he brings his passport to my office I say hey wait a minute he didn't leave the country he wasn't out of the country they had my goal cone of the Trump Organization was in Prague it turns out to be a different Michael Kohn it's a disgrace.

What took place it's a disgrace and I think they want to apologize to start with Michael Cancer Center attacking us can you give us a question dimer it's not mr. parallax doesn't glad that you are in our organization not give us your organization or darken our news or in your organization gets down and that's not the question circus or quiet they quiet mr. president like go ahead you think she's asking a question don't be real i can you give us a county road us can you give us a question be we're not gonna give you what I'm not gonna give you a question you say can you are fake news sir go ahead you they categorically that nobody else was present like that's not vibrate Obama went too far with the sanctions on Russia after the hacking you think I don't tell you went too far no no I don't say please send me a bill for what I hadn't heard Lindsey Graham is going to do that.

Lindsay grain I've been competing with him for a long time he's gonna crack that one percent barrier one day I didn't realize Lindsey Graham still at it.

Sorry I think Lindsey Graham's a nice guy actually I've heard that he's a nice guy and I've been hearing I banana yeah go ahead go ahead go ahead you've been waiting good we understand the community center place yet final from BBC news channel from BBC news BBC News it's another beauty.

Thank you and as far as we understand the intelligence community are still looking at these allegations are false news as you described if they come back with any kind of conclusion that any of it stands up any of it is true when you consider your position with you there's nothing they can come back with a yes election what reforms you recommend for this industry.

Well i don't recommend reforms i recommend people that are that have some moral compass you have been hearing more and more about i think all fake news and talking about people to go and say all sorts of things but i will tell you some of the media outlets that idea with the fake news more so than anybody i could name them but i will bother but you have a few sitting right in front of us so they're very very dishonest people but I i think which is something we're going to have to live with.

I guess the advantage I have is that i can speak back when it happens to somebody that doesn't have this doesn't have that kind of a megaphone they can't speak back it's a very sad thing i've seen people destroyed I've seen people absolutely destroyed and I think it's very unfair so all I can ask for his honest reporters yes they do you trust your US intelligence officials in what you say 24 policy experts say you're actually beginning national security likely to work against that intelligence agencies are vital and very very important we are going to be putting in as you know mr. Pompeo and others you know the senator dan coats we're going to be putting in some outstanding people within 90 days they're going to be coming back to me with a major report on hacking I want them to cover this situation i also want them however to cover maybe most importantly because we hacked by everybody you know the United States our government out of a list of 17 in terms of interest rates is the worst number 17 in terms of protection if you look at the retail industry if you look at the banking industry various industries out of 17 industries they put this in the category of an industry the United States is last in terms of protecting let's say hacking defense like we had a great hacking defense at the republican national committee that's why we were attacked by the way we were told they were trying to hack us but they weren't able to hack and I think I get some credit because I told writes and writes in a phenomenal job but I said I want strong hacking defense the Democratic National Committee didn't do that maybe that's why the country run so badly that way but i will tell you wait wait wait let me finish within 90 days we will be coming up with a major report on hacking defense.

How do we stop this new phenomena surely new phenomena because the United States is hacked by everybody that includes Russia and China and everybody everybody okay.

But now that you believe that Russia was responsible for the hacking of the DNC and fountain st emails etc Russian but do you know what could have been others also spend weeks undermining US intelligence community before are simply getting the facts and then making a public.

Well I think it's pretty sad when intelligence reports get leaked out to the press.

I think it's pretty set first of all it's illegal you know these are these are classified and certified meetings and reports that say what does happen i have many meetings with intelligence and every time I meet people are reading about it.

Somebody's looking enough so that I said maybe it's my office maybe my office because i have a lot of people a lot of great people.

Maybe it's that and what I did is I said I won't tell anybody gonna have a meeting and I won't tell anybody about my meeting with intelligence and what happened is I had my meeting nobody knew not even wanna my executive assistant for years she didn't know I didn't tell her.

Nobody knew the meaning was had the meeting was over they left and immediately the word got out that a meeting so I don't want that I don't want that it's very unfair to the country is very unfair to our country what's happened that report should have never first what should have been printed because it's not worth the paper it's written on and I think the new york times for saying that I think a lot of different people for saying that but I will tell you that should never ever happened okay thank you mr. president like can you stand here today once and for all and say that no one connected to you or your campaign had any contact with Russia leading up to or during the presidential campaign and if you indeed do believe that Russia was behind the hacking what is your message to Vladimir Putin right now he shouldn't be doing it he won't be doing it.

Russia will have much greater respect for our country when i'm leading it then when other people have let it you will see that Russia will respect our country more.

He shouldn't have done it I don't believe you'll be doing it more now we have to work something out but it's not just Russia take a look at what's happened you don't reported the same way 22 million accounts were hacked in this country by China and that's because we have no defense.

That's because we run by people that don't know what they're doing Russia will have far greater respect for our country when I'm reading it and I believe and I hope maybe it won't happen it's possible but i will be given a little reset button like Hillary here press this piece of plastic I looked at her like what is she doing is where we set but we're either gonna get along or not I hope we get along but if we don't that's possible too but Russia and other countries and other countries including China which is taking total advantage of us economically totally advantage of us in the south china sea by building their massive fortress total Russia China Japan Mexico all countries will respect us Bob or far more than they do under past administration i want to thank everybody so this is all just so you understand these papers I cuz I'm not sure that was explained properly but these papers are all just a piece of the many many companies that are being put into trust to be run by my two sons a nap.

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